Mark Pagel: Kifeš el-luġa bedlet el-bniyadem

Kul waḥed fikum ɛendu el-sima el-mejjehda, el-waɛra, elli tzeɛzeɛ kter (subversive) w elli kkewnu el-texyar el-ṭabiɛi (Natural Selection) l el-ḥin. Hiya ṭerf ntaɛ teknolojya, f el-ɛṣab w el-smaɛ, terbeṭ ma bin el-mxuxa ntaɛ el-nas. Bayna belli rani nehḍer ɛla el-qudra ntaɛ el-luġa, laxeṭerš hiya elli txellikum teġġersu fekra men ɛqelkum nišan f el-ɛqel ntaɛ waḥdaxer, w yeqqedru huma tanik ysseyu ydirulek nefs el-ši, bla tešraṭ xdama wella Sidi Ɛebbaz. F had el-syaq, ki tkun tehḍer, rak testeɛmel, f el-waqeɛ, waḥed el-škel ntaɛ el-telemetri (nqil bla-xiṭ) mši mextalef bezzaf ɛla el-telekomand ntaɛ el-tilivizyu ntaɛek. Kima n' hak! Win el-mašina tkun qayma ɛla el-bɛit ntaɛ ḍḍew teḥt-ḥmer ('infraruj), el-luġa ntaɛkum tkun qayma ɛla el-bɛit el-bɛit, bla smir, ntaɛ el-ḥess.

W ġir kima testeɛmel el-telekomand beš tbeddel el-ɛdadat el-dexlaniya ntaɛ el-tilivizyu ntaɛek ɛla ḥsab ma teršeqlek, testeɛmel el-luġa ntaɛek beš tbeddel el-ɛdadat f daxel ɛqel bnadem ɛla ḥsab el-fayda ntaɛek. El-luġat hiya jinat tehḍer (mehdara), teddi el-ṣwaleḥ elli baġyethum W, hnaya, ġir txxeylu el-ɛjeb fi keš ġuryan ki yetkaka l had el-ši w yebda ylaġi keš ḥess yxelli el-ṣwaleḥ yetḥerku fi keš bit: tqul kelli keš ɛefsa ntaɛ sḥur - w twali ḥetta yweṣṣelhum l fummu.

Ḍerwek, el-qudra ntaɛ el-luġa f el-tzeɛziɛ ɛtarfu biha, mɛa el-ɛhud: B sebba't el-ɛessa (el-raqaba), kayen ktuba ma tnejjemš teqrahum. ɛbarat (hedrat) ma teqderš testeɛmelhum w kelmat ma tnejjemš tqulhum. F el-waqeɛ, el-ḥkaya dyal el-burj ntaɛ Babel f el-'Injil ḥiya ḥejjaya w tenbih ɛla el-quwwa ntaɛ el-luġa. Ɛla ḥsab had el-ḥkaya, el-bniyadem el-lwala weṣlu l el-fhama belli mɛa el-stiɛmal ntaɛ el-luġa beš yexxedmu mɛa beɛḍ, yeqqedru yebniw burj yweṣṣelhum, qbala, l el-sma. Temmatik, 'Allah zɛef men had el-muḥawala beš ytṣṣelṭu ɛlih, ḥeṭṭem el-burj, w beš yetyeqqen belli ma yɛawduš yebniweh, ferket el-nas ki ɛṭalhum luġat mextalfa -- xelleṭhalhum ki ɛṭalhum luġat mextalfa. W hada yweṣṣel l el-tmesxira el-hayla belli el-luġat kayna beš ma txellinaš netwaṣlu. Ḥetta el-yum, ɛla balna belli kayen kelmat ma nnejmuš nesteɛmluhum, jumel ma neqqedruš nquluhum, laxaṭerš 'ida qulnahum, yeqqedru yḍayquna, yeḥḥebsuna, w ḥetta yeqqetluna. W gaɛ hada men nefxa't nefs texrej men fwamna.

Šuftu! Gaɛ had el-haraj ɛla sima waḥda m el-simat ntaweɛna yxellina nqulu belli, ṣeḥḥ, kayen ḥaja, hnaya, testahel el-tefsir. W hadi hiya kifeš w ɛleš tṭewret had el-sima el-metmeyza, w ɛlah tṭewret ġir ɛend el-jnas ntaweɛna? El-ḥaṣul, hadi ḥeyya tdehheš šwiya win beš nelqaw keš jwab l had el-swal, lazem ɛlina nruḥu l el-stiɛmal ntaɛ el-duzan ɛend el-šempanziyat. Had el-šempanziyat yesteɛmlu duzan, w ḥna ɛendna hadi kelli 'išara ɛla el-ɛqel ntaɛhum. Beṣṣaḥ, la kanu ṣeḥḥ ɛendhum f el-ras, ɛlah yesteɛmlu meṭreg beš yxxewšu ɛla el-termit m el-'erḍ bdal men meɛwel? W la kanu ṣeḥḥ ɛendhum f el-ras, ɛlah yhhersu gergaɛ w yḥelluh b keš ḥajra? Ɛlah ma yruḥuš l keš ḥanut w yešru škara ntaɛ gergaɛ elli keš waḥed hhersu men qbel? Ɛlah lla? Ki tšuf: Dak huwa weš rana ndiru.

Ḍerwek: Ɛlah el-šempanzi ma ydirš kima n' hak meɛnatu belli rahum naqṣin weš el-xubara ntaɛ ɛilm el-nefs w el-'antropolojya ysemmuh el-teɛlam el-'ijtimaɛi. Yban belli rahum mexṣuṣin qudra beš yetɛelmu men ġirhum b el-nsix w el-teqlid wella, sahel mahel, b el-tefraj. W f el-tali, ma yeqqedruš yetsegmu b el-fkar ntaɛ el-ġir wella yetɛelmu m el-ġelṭat ntaɛ el-'uxrin -- yestfadu m el-ḥekma ntaɛ el-'uxrin. W hakda telqahum rahum ydiru dat el-ši men dara w jdid w zid. F el-waqeɛ, neqqedru nruḥu melyun ɛam w nwellu w had el-šempanziyat rahum ɛad ydiru dat el-ši, b dat el-mṭareg beš yxxerju el-termit w dat el-hjer beš yḥellu el-gergaɛ.

Ḍerwek, had el-ši yban kelli tekebbur wella keš heḍra't zux. Kifeš neɛɛerfu had el-ši? Laxaṭerš hada huwa, b el-dat, weš jdudna, el-Homo erectus, kanu ydiru. Had el-qruda elli yeqqedru yewweqfu ɛašu f el-savanna ntaɛ Friqya hadi qrib zuj mlayen ɛam men qbel, w ṣenɛu had el-šefrat el-mxxeyrin elli yetwalmu ɛalama mɛa yeddikum. Beṣṣaḥ la tmeɛɛenna f el-baqaya ntaɛ el-ḥjer, nšufu belli ṣenɛu qrib dat el-šefrat ntaɛ el-yeddin men dara w jdid w zid l melyun ɛam. Teqqdru ttebɛuha ɛla ḥsab el-baqaya ntaɛ el-ḥjer. Ḍerwek, lakan nxemmu šwiya šḥal ɛaš el-Homo erectus, weš kan weqt jilhum, hada ysawi qrib 40.000 jil m el-waldin l wladhum, w ɛibad waḥduxrin yetfferju, bla ma had el-šefra tetbeddel. El-ḥala rahi ɛad mši bayna belli el-qrab lina men jiha't el-jinat, el-Nyandertal, kan ɛendhum teɛlam 'ijtimaɛi. Yaqin kima yelzem, el-duzan ntaweɛhum kanu mɛeqdin kter ɛla el-duzan ntaɛ Homo erectus, beṣṣaḥ huma tanik bbeynu ġir quzza tebdal f mudda't 300.000 ɛam wella qrib belli had el-jnas, el-Nyandertal, kanu ɛayšin f Örasya.

Ṣaḥḥa, weš yeɛnilna hada huwa belli, b xlaf el-mtel el-qdim, "el-šadi yšuf w el-šadi ydir," El-ḥaja elli tdehheš hiya belli gaɛ el-hwayeš el-'uxrin ma ynnejmuš ṣaḥḥ ydiru had el-ši -- ɛla el-'aqqel, mši bezzaf. W ḥetta had el-teṣwira tban kelli meġšuša -- ḥaja jaya men Sirk Barnum & Bailey.

Beṣṣaḥ, b el-mqarna, neqqedru netɛɛelmu. Neqqedru netɛɛelmu ki netfferju f el-nas el-'uxrin w ki nnesxu w nqqeldu weš yeqqedru ydiru. Neqqedru, temmatik, nxxeyru, men bin ṣeff ntaɛ xtiyarat, el-mxeyyer fihum. Neqqedru nestfadu m el-fkarat Neqqedru nebniw ɛla el-rzana ntaɛhum. W f el-tali, el-fkarat ntaweɛna tetɛerrem, w el-teknolojya ntaɛna tetqeddem. W had el-mwalma ntaɛ el-taqafa b el-teɛram, kima ysemmuha el-mexteṣṣin ntaɛ el-'antropolojya: el-teɛram ntaɛ el-fkarat, hiya el-mes'ula ɛla kul ši, mdawer bik fi ḥyatek ntaɛ kul yum, el-mɛɛemra ṣadaɛat w haraj Rani neqṣed belli el-ɛalem tbeddel men kul jiha ɛla elli nnejmu neɛɛerfu ɛlih hadi 1.000 wella 2.000 ɛam. W gaɛ hada ɛla jal el-mwalma el-taqafiya elli tetɛerrem mɛa el-weqt. el-krasa elli rakum qaɛdin ɛlihum, el-ḍwaw f had el-mesmeɛ, el-mikrofon ntaɛi, el-iPad w el-iPod elli rakum rafdinhum -- kul ši natija ntaɛ mwalma taqafiya metɛerma.

Ḍerwek, l šḥal men waḥed yebġi yɛelleq, el-mwalwa el-taqafiya el-metɛɛerma wella el-teɛlam el-'ijtimaɛi hiya xedma mefriya: el-tali ntaɛ el-ḥkaya. El-jnas ntaweɛna ynnejmu yeṣṣenɛu ṣwaleḥ, el-ši elli yxellina nqulu belli tqeddemna b sira ma ɛerfethaš jnas waḥduxra. F el-waqeɛ, neqqedru ḥetta neṣṣenɛu "ṣwaleḥ el-denya" -- kima rani ɛad qult, gaɛ el-ṣwaleḥ elli meddawrin bina. Beṣṣaḥ f el-ṣeḥḥ, yban belli hadi mudda, qrib 200.000 sna men qbel ki banet el-jnas ntaweɛna w kesbu el-teɛlam el-'ijtimaɛi, belli hadi hiya el-bedya ntaɛ el-tarix dyalna, w mši el-nihaya ntaɛ tarixna. Laxaṭerš el-ksib ɛendna ntaɛ el-teɛlam el-'ijtimaɛi ġadi yexleq muɛḍila 'ijtimaɛiya w men jiha't el-teṭwar, w ḥelha, neqqedru nqulu, yeqder yqerrer mši ġir el-sira f el-mustaqbel ntaɛ el-nefsiya ntaɛna beṣṣaḥ gana el-sira f el-mustaqbel dyal el-ɛalem b kmalu. W elli yhemm kter hnaya, elli ywajebna ɛlah ɛendna luġa.

W el-sebba elli xellat had el-muɛḍila tban hiya belli, ɛla ḥsab el-šufa, el-teɛlam el-'ijtimaɛi ma huwa ġir sriqa b el-ɛin. Lakan neqder netɛellem ki netferrej fik, neqder nexwen el-fkar el-mxeyrin ntawɛek, w neqder nestfad m el-juhud ntawɛek, bla ma nḍeyyeɛ nefs el-weqt w el-jehd elli ṣrefthum beš tṭewwerhum. La qdert nšuf weš men genj steɛmelt beš teqbeṭ ḥutta, wella nšuf kifeš tsennen el-šaqur ntaɛek beš ywelli xir, wella la tebbeɛtek l jnin'tek dyal el-fuggaɛ, neqder nestfad m el-meɛrifa, el-rzana w el-ṣenɛat ntawɛek, w twali ḥetta nṣeyyed hadik el-ḥutta qbel ma tṣeyyedha. El-teɛlam el-'ijtimaɛi huwa, f el-ṣeḥḥ, sriqa b el-šufa W ɛend el-jnas elli kesbet had el-ši, xirlek txebbi el-fkar ntawɛek el-mxeyrin, beš ma yexwenhumlek ḥetta waḥed.

Amala, hadi waḥed 200.000 ɛam men qbel, qablet el-jnas ntaweɛna had el-'ezma. W kanu ɛendna ġir zuj xyarat beš netɛamlu mɛa el-mnawšat elli ybanu mɛa had el-sriqa b el-šufa. Waḥda men had el-xyarat hiya ki nenɛazlu fi mejmuɛat ntaɛ ɛaylat ṣġar. Laxaṭerš el-fayda m el-fkar w el-meɛrifa ntaɛna tebqa tdur ġir ɛend ḥbabna. Zeɛma rana xeyyerna had el-ši, hadi ši 200.000 ɛam men qbel, la kunna ɛla ḥsab el-šufa ɛayšin kima kannu el-Nyandertal ki dxelna el-xeṭra el-'ewla l el-'Örop hadi 40.000 ɛam men qbel. W hada laxaṭerš fi mejmuɛat ṣġar, el-fkar tkun qlila, el-tejdad ykun qlil. W el-mejmuɛat el-ṣġar qrab m el-wqiɛat w el-zher el-menḥus. Amala, la kan xeyyerna had el-ṭriq, lakan el-ṭriq ntaɛ el-teṭwar dána l el-ġaba -- w lakan qṣir, ṣeḥḥ w ṣḥiḥ.

El-texyar el-zawej elli qeddina nwasiweh huwa ki ṭṭewwerna el-ɛefsat ntaɛ el-mwaṣla elli semḥet lina beš netqasmu el-fkarat w netɛawnu mɛa el-ġir. El-texyar ntaɛ had el-ṭriq yeqder yeɛni belli mekseb hayel b el-bezzaf nta meɛrifa w rzana metɛerma yeqder ykun metwafer ɛend kul waḥed kter men ya la kanet ɛend ɛayla waḥda wella keš bnadem b rasu. Amala, xeyyerna el-xyar el-zawej, w el-luġa hiya el-natija.

tṭewret el-luġa beš tḥell el-'ezma ntaɛ el-sriqa b el-ɛin. El-luġa hiya ṭerf ntaɛ teknolojya 'ijtimaɛiya beš tɛezzez el-fayda ntaɛ el-mɛawna -- beš newweṣlu l mufahamat, w nefriw 'afirat w beš nneḍmu el-ṣenɛat dyawelna. W teqder tšuf had el-ši, fi mujtamaɛ yetqeddem elli bda yekseb el-luġa, ki ma tkunš ɛendek luġa meɛnatu kelli zaweš bla jenḥin. Ġir kima el-jenḥin yššerɛu el-sma beš el-zwaweš yelqaw ġerdhum, el-luġa ššerɛet el-majal ntaɛ el-mɛawna beš yestfadu el-bniyadem. W hadi ɛendna mefruġ menha, laxaṭerš ḥna jnas nelqaw ġerdna mɛa el-luġa,

beṣṣaḥ lazemlek tetkaka belli ḥetta f el-mubadalat ntaweɛna labġa el-sahlin gaɛ mertabṭa, b kmalha, b el-luġa. W beš nšufu ɛlaš, neɛtabru b had el-zuj senaryoyat m el-bedya ntaɛ tarixna. Xelliwna netxxeylu belli ntuma šaṭrin f el-ṣniɛa ntaɛ risan el-fličat, beṣṣaḥ fašlin f el-ṣniɛa ntaɛ el-mṭareg dyal el-xšeb merbuṭa b riš el-ṭir. Kayen zuj ɛibad šaṭrin f el-ṣniɛ ntaɛ mṭareg el-xšeb, beṣṣaḥ mbuqlin f el-ṣniɛ ntaɛ risan el-fličat. Amala weš ydiru -- waḥed men hadu zuj ɛibad ɛad ma ksebš el-luġa ntaɛ ṣeḥḥ. W xelliwna neftarḍu belli el-'axer ɛendu maharat mlaḥ f el-luġa.

Amala weš tdiru? F keš nhar teddiw rezma ntaɛ risan el-fličat, w truḥu ɛend dak el-seyyed elli ma yehderš mliḥ, w tḥeṭṭu risan el-fličat quddamu, w ntuma dayrin fi balkum belli ġadi yefhem belli rak baġi tberrez risan el-fličat dyawlek b fličat wafyin. Beṣṣaḥ weš ydir: yexzer f el-rezma ntaɛ el-fličat, yeḥsebhum hdiya, yerfedhum, yetbessem w yruḥ. Ḍerwek, rana nšufu f had el-ɛebd w huwa yetzeɛbel. Ynuḍ dwas w yeddeġruk b waḥda men haduk el-risan n' el-fličat. Ṣeḥḥa! Ḍerwek, txeylu had el-leqṭa win tqerreb m el-seyyed elli yeqder yetwaṣel b el-luġa. Tḥeṭṭ risan n' el-fličat w tqul, Madabiya nberrez had el-risan n' el-fličat b fličat wafyin. Netqasem mɛak 50/50. El-'axer ywajeb, "Ġaya. Tbanli mliḥa. Xellina nefriwha." W el-xedma meqḍiya.

Ġir tkun ɛendna el-luġa, nlemmu el-fkarat ntaweɛna w netɛawnu beš ḥyatna twelli xir elli ma kanetš teqder tkun lakan ma kunnaš kasbinha (el-luġa). W hadi hiya ɛlah el-jnas ntaweɛna tṭewret f kul muḍeɛ f el-ɛalem bidma, el-hwayeš el-'uxrin rahi qaɛda tetkessel mur el-ḥdid ntaɛ jnina't el-wḥuš. Ɛla biha rana nebniw merkabat n' el-sma w el-katedra'iyat win el-baqi ntaɛ el-ɛalem rahu ɛad laṣeq fi el-'erḍ yxewweš ɛla el-nmel el-byeḍ. Nišan, lakan had el-šufa l el-luġa w qimetha tɛawen beš tḥell el-'ezma dyal el-sriqa b el-šufa hiya ḥeqqaniya, 'eyy jens yeksebha yaqin yeɛref zerda ntaɛ 'ibdaɛ w zyada't el-xir. W hada huwa b el-dat weš el-tesjilat n' el-'arkeolojya ybeynu.

La šuftu l el-nas el-sabqin, El-Nyandertal w el-Homo Erectus, elli sebquna swaswa, kanu meḥṣurin fi blayeṣ ṣġiwrin m el-ɛalem. Beṣṣaḥ ki banu el-jnas ntaweɛna hadi ši 200.000 ɛam, men beɛd ġir ma xrejna men Friqya w tferketna f el-ɛalem b kmalu, steɛmerna kul muḍeɛ qabel l el-suknan fuq el-'erḍ. Ḍerwek, win jnas waḥduxrin rahum meḥṣurin fi blayeṣ twalmet el-jinat ntaweɛhum mɛaha, b el-teɛlam el-'ijtimaɛi w el-luġa, nejjemna nḥewlu weš meddawer bina ɛla ḥsab ma nestḥeqqu. W hakdatik, tṭewwerna b waḥed el-ṣifa elli ma tṭewwert biha ḥetta hayša. El-luġa, ṣeḥḥ, hiya hiya el-sima el-mejjehda gaɛ elli tṭewret. Had el-sima hiya elli b qimetha kter ɛendna beš nsegmu trab jdid w mawarid beš yesteqblu ɛibad kter, huma w jinathum elli txxeylletha el-ṭabiɛa ɛend el-texyar.

El-luġa hiya ṣeḥḥ el-gerzi ntaɛ el-jinat ntaweɛna. W ḍerwek ki el-luġa tṭewret, rana derna ḥeyya mši menwali, w ḥetta ġriba Ki ntašerna f el-ɛalem, ṭewwerna šḥal men 'elf luġa mextalfa Ḍerwek, rahum kaynin waḥed qrib 7 wella 8.000 luġa mextalfa, mehdura fuq el-'erḍ. Ḍerwek teqder tqulu: Ṣaḥḥa, hadi haja bayna belli ɛadiya. Ki netbaɛdu, bayna belli el-luġat ntaweɛna tanik yetbaɛdu. Beṣṣaḥ el-ḥejjaya w el-tgenbir huwa belli el-terkiz el-kbir ntaɛ el-luġat el-mextalfin fuq el-'erḍ nelqawha win el-nas ɛayšin quddam beɛḍhum beɛḍ.

La mšina l el-jazira ntaɛ Papwa Gineya el-Jdida, neqqedru nelqaw qrib 800 l 1.000 luġa bašariya metmayza, luġa bašariya mextalfa, mehdurin f had el-jazira waḥedha. Kayen blayeṣ fuq had el-jazira win teqder telqa luġa jdida kul zuj wella telt myal. Ḍerwek, ḥetta lukan banet muġriba, xeṭra, tlaqit mɛa seyyed papwani w seqsitu lakan had el-ši ṣeḥḥ. W qal-li: "Eyyuh! Lla. Huma qrab kter men hak." W hada ṣeḥḥ; kayen blayeṣ f had el-jazira win tnejjem telqa luġa jdida f qell men mil. W hada ṣeḥḥ yenṭabeq tanik mɛa waḥd el-juzur bɛad ntaɛ el-Muḥiṭ

W hakda, ɛla ḥsab el-šufa, rana nesteɛmlu el-luġa ntaɛna, mši ġir beš netɛawnu, beṣṣaḥ tanik beš nmeyzu dewwirat ɛla el-mejmuɛat dyalna win netɛawnu w nebniw hawiyat w waqila beš neḥmiw el-meɛrifa, el-rzana w el-ṣenɛat ntaweɛna m el-qerɛajiya ntaɛ berra. W ɛla balna b had el-ši laxaṭerš ki neqraw ɛla mejmuɛat dyal luġat mextalfa w nlemmuhum mɛa el-taqafat ntaweɛhum, nšufu belli el-luġat el-mextalfa tteqqel el-sira ntaɛ el-fkarat bin el-mejmuɛat. Tteqqel el-sira ntaɛ el-teknolojyat. W ḥetta yteqqel el-sira ntaɛ el-jinat. Ḍerwek, ma neqderš nehder ɛlikum, beṣṣaḥ, ɛla ḥsab el-šufa, el-ḥala kifkif belli ma neqqedruš nmewru mɛa el-nas elli ma nnejmuš nehhedru mɛahum. (Ḍeḥk) Ḍerwek, lazem ɛlina nɛaksu, gaɛ kima n' hak, ḍedd el-bayan elli smeɛnah men qbel belli wqeɛ lina waḥed el-xlaṭ el-jini, elli ma yeɛjebš mɛa el-Nyandertal w el-Denisova.

(Ḍeḥk)

Ṣeḥḥa, had el-sira elli ɛendna, had el-sira el-ṭabiɛiya elli ɛendna win nmilu, l el-ɛezla, w nebqaw waḥedna, gaɛ ma tetwalemš mɛa el-ɛalem ntaɛ ḍerwek. Had el-ṣura el-mxxeyra mši xariṭa ntaɛ el-ɛalem. F el-waqeɛ, hiya xariṭa ntaɛ ɛalaqat ṣeḥba f el-Facebook. W ki tersem had el-ɛalaqat ntaɛ el-ṣeḥba ɛla ḥsab el-muḍeɛ (xṭuṭ el-ṭul w el-ɛerḍ), el-ši elli yersem xariṭa ḥeqqaniya ntaɛ el-ɛalem. El-ɛalem el-modern ntaɛna rahu yetwaṣel mɛa datu w bin el-nas kter m elli kan el-ši fi 'eyy weqt sbeq. W had el-mwaṣla, had el-rbaṭ el-meddawer b el-ɛalem had el-ɛawlama tsebbeb muɛḍila. Laxaṭerš had el-luġat el-mextalfa tefreḍ ḥedd, kima rana ɛad ki šefna, ɛla jal el-nqil ntaɛ el-selɛa w el-fkarat w el-teknolojyat w el-rzana. W rahi tšekkel ḥedd l el-mɛawna.

W ḍerwek rana nšufu had el-ši xir zeɛma kter m el-'Itiḥad el-'Öropi, b luġat el-menḍemmin lih el-27 yehhedru 23 luġa resmiya. El-'Itiḥad el-'Öropi rahu yeṣref kter men melyar € kul ɛam ɛla el-terjama bin el-23 luġa el-resmiya. W hada ydir qrib 1.45 melyar dollar marikani ġir ɛla el-meṣruf ntaɛ el-terjama. Ḍerwek, xemmem f el-tfiš ntaɛ had el-ḥala. La 27 ɛebd m el-27 blad, elli menḍemma, qeɛdu mdawrin b ṭabla, w huma yehhedru el-luġat ntaweɛhum el-23, šwiya ntaɛ ḥsabat txellina nqulu belli neḥtaju jiš ntaɛ 253 terjman beš nwejdu gaɛ el-'imkaniyat elli tnejjem tkun El-'Itiḥad el-'Öropi ɛendu xeddama daymin qrib waḥed el-2.500 terjman. W ġir f 2007 -- w rani metyeqqen belli kayen ḥsabat jdud ɛla hadu -- ši qrib men 1.3 melyun ṣefḥa tterjmet l el-'engliziya waḥedha.

W 'ida ṣeḥḥ el-luġa hiyya el-ḥell ntaɛ el-'ezma dyal el-sriqa b el-šufa, ida el-luġa hiya ṣeḥḥ el-ṭriq ntaɛ el-mɛawna binatna, el-teknolojya elli txeyletha el-jnas ntaweɛna beš yššejɛu el-ḥaraka w el-tebdal el-mserreḥ ntaɛ el-fkarat, f el-ɛalem ntaɛna modern, nwajhu swal. W had el-swal huwa 'ida f had el-ɛalem modern w el-mešmul neqqedru ṣeḥḥ nessemḥu beš ykunu ɛendna gaɛ had el-luġat el-mextalfa.

b kelmat waḥduxrin, el-ṭabiɛa ma teɛref ḥetta ḍerf xlaf win tetɛayeš zuj simat metqablin men jiha't el-waḍifa. Waḥda fihum txelli el-zawja tenṣxeṭ. W rana nšufu had el-ši yemši bla ma nqeddu nehherbu mennu beš ywelli huwa el-mizan. Kayen xir 'Allah ṣifat beš neɛɛebru el-ṣwaleḥ -- nšufu el-mizan ntaɛhum w nqisu el-ṭul dyalhum -- beṣṣaḥ el-sistem n' el-mitra huwa elli rah rabeḥ. Kayen xir 'Allah ṣifat beš nqisu el-weqt, beṣṣaḥ, ṣeḥḥ w ṣḥiḥ, el-sistem b sas el-60 w elli huwa weḥdu el-meɛruf b el-saɛat, el-dqayeq w el-twani huwa elli qriba meɛruf f el-ɛalem b kmalu. Kayen šḥal w šḥal men ṣifa beš nssejlu el-Cdyat w el-DVDyat, beṣṣaḥ hadu gaɛ rahum mɛa el-weqt ywellu tanik b el-qanun. W teqder, twalli, ḥetta beš txemmem f kter w kter men hak f el-ḥyat ntaɛkum di kul yum.

W hakda el-ɛalem modern ntaɛna el-yum rahu yqabel fina b muɛḍila. W hiya el-muɛḍila elli had el-šinwi rahu yqabel fiha, ntaɛmen had el-luġa elli yehhedruha ġaši kter f el-ɛalem kter men 'eyy luġa waḥduxra, gaɛ kima n' hak rahu qaɛed quddam el-sebbura ntaɛu, yterjem el-jumel m el-šinwiya beš yrredhum jumel b el-'ingliziya. W hada ykebber el-'iḥtimal ntaɛna belli fi ɛalem win nebġu nddeɛmu el-mɛawna w el-tebdal, w fi ɛalem elli yeqder ykun qayem, kter melli kan qbel, ɛla el-mɛawna beš nethellaw w nṭelɛu el-daraja ntaɛ el-terfah dyalna, el-mefɛul dyalu yxellina neftarḍu belli el-natija tnejjem tkun meḥtuma win nwajhu el-fekra belli el-maṣir ntaɛna huwa ɛalem waḥed w luġa waḥda.

Ṣeḥḥitu

(Teṣfaq)

Matt Ridley: Mark, swal waḥed. Svante lqa belli el-jin FOXP2, ɛla ḥsab el-šufa, mertabeṭ b el-luġa, kan kayen tanik, b nefs el-škel, ɛend el-Nyandertal, kima ḥnaya. Ɛendna keš fekra tfesser lina kifeš tġellebna ɛla el-Nyandertal lakan kanet ɛendhum huma tanik luġa?

Mark Pagel: Hada swal wafi mlaḥa. Kayen šḥal men waḥed fikum rahu metwalef mɛa el-fekra belli kayen had el-jin elli semmuh FOXP2 elli, ɛla ḥsab el-šufa, mertabeṭ b waḥd el-ṣifat kaynin f el-ḥeyya elli tḥerrek w tetḥekkem w elli mertabṭa b el-luġa. El-sebba elli txellini ma n'emmenš ki yqulunna belli el-Nyandertal kanet ɛendhum luġa hnaya -- kayen tešbih sahel mahel: El-Ferrari'yat hiya lwaṭa ɛendhum muturat. El-loṭo ntaɛi ɛendha motör, beṣṣaḥ hiya mši Ferrari. Amala, el-jwab el-sahel huwa belli el-jinat waḥedha ma teqderš tqerrer el-natija ntaɛ ṣwaleḥ zyada mɛeqdin kima el-luġa. Elli neɛɛerfuh ɛla el-FOXP2 w el-Nyandertal huwa belli twali kanu yeqqedru yetḥḥekmu f el-teḥrak ntaɛ fwamhum -- ya ḍra. Beṣṣaḥ hada ma yqullenaš, b el-ḍarura, belli kanet ɛendhum luġa.

MR: Ṣeḥḥit b el-bezzaf.

(Teṣfaq)